Method and machine for wrapping articles



Dec. 19, 1933. E. L. SMITH ET AL METHOD AND MACHINE FOR WRAPPINGARTICLES Filed July 13, 19.31

4 Sheets-Sheet 1 INVENTO fl/lf/MI.

TTORNEYS Dec. 19, 1933. sMlTH r AL 1,940,375

METHOD AND MACHINE FOR WRAPPING ARTICLES Filed July 13. 1931 4Sheets-Sheet 2 INVENTOR.

By M0 ZARJ Gfiwaz ATTORNEYS.

Dec. 19, 1933. E, $M|TH m- L 1,940,375

METHOD AND MACHINE FOR WRAPPING ARTICLES Filed July 13, 1931 4Sheets-Sheet 3 ,d I 3a INVENTOR. [2/701 Z, J/v/rh' By Me Z/ms 6 E035ATTORNEYS.

Dec 19, 1933. E. L. SMITH Er AL 1,940,375

METHOD AND MACHINE FOR WRAPPING ARTICLES Filed July l3, l93l 4Sheets-Sheet 4 INVENTOR. 170/501,. 5mm BY Mo [was GJkz/saz 1 7/e4JLATTORNEYS.

Patented Dec. 19, 1933 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE METHOD AND MACHINEFOB WRAPPING ARTICLES Application July 13, 1931. Serial No. 550,497

26 Claim.

This invention relates to improvements in wrapping methods and'machines.One object of the invention is to provide a novel manner of applying asealing liquid to the end flaps of a package in process of beingwrapped. A 'further object is to provide novel mechanism for carryingout this improved method. A further object is to provide a novelmechanism for forming a moisture-proof end seal in a wrapper ofcellophane or the like. A further object is to provide means for makinga square ended fold of the two point type on a package of substantiallysquare cross-section. A further object is to provide improved foldingmechanism applicable to wrapping machines generally. A further object isto provide improved means for applying a sealing liquid to the end flapsof a package, applicable to wrapping machines generally. A furtherobject is to provide improved means for mounting the heaters which acton the ends of packages, either to dry out the volatile constituent of asealing liquid or to heat seal the end flaps of packages in casethewrapping material is susceptible of this treatment. Additional objectswill appear from the following description and claims, taken with theac: companying drawings, in which:

Fig. 1 is a fragmentary side elevation of a wrapping machine to whichthe invention has been applied;

Fig. 2 is a side elevation of a portion of the delivery channel, showingthe mounting of the heating members;

Fig. 3 is a fragmentary end view of this portion of the deliverychannel;

Fig. 4 is a fragmentary cross-sectional view of the first applyingdevice for the sealing liquid with a guard plate removed;

Fig. 5 is a similar view showing the parts in a different position ofoperation;

Fig. 6 is a fragmentary cross-sectional view of the second applyingdevice for the sealing liquid;

Fig. 'l is a face view of the first applying device;

Fig. 8 is an end view thereof; and

Figs. 9 to 25, inclusive, are detail views illustrating the successivestages in the wrapping operation.

Since the steps of wrapping and sealing the article have beenillustrated for convenience in connection with the elements of themechanism which perform these steps, the mechanical fea, tures of theinvention will be considered first and the method dealt with in thelight of these features. The machine to which the invention has beenapplied is in general of the type shown in the Fischer Patent 1,196,094,August 29, 1916, and in the application of Paul Langhammer, Serial No.438,843, filed March 25, 1930. For this reason a detailed description ofthe structure of the article feeding, wrapper feeding, and generalactuating mechanism has been omitted, and only that part of themechanism which directly coacts in the folding and sealing of thewrapper has been illustrated.

The wrapping mechanism is grouped around a longitudinally extendingtable 30 which supports the partially wrapped article during themajorpart of its travel through the machine. An article a is raised tothe level of this table, picking up a wrapper b on the way, by a. pairof elevating plungers 31 and 32 actuated once during each machine cycleby any suitable cam or linkage mechanism. This wrapper is preferablymoisture-proof cellophane or similar material. The elevated article isreceived in a reciprocable pocket formed by a pusher member 33, aforward member 34 swung upwardly to clear the article on the returnstroke of the pocket, as in the Fischer patent and the Langhammerapplication, and a weighted, vertically slidably top plunger 35. Thepocket receives the article and wrapper in the position A of Fig. 1,causing the wrapper to be draped downwardly in U-form with the twoextensions 0 and d preferably of unequal length (Fig. 9), the one to therear being shorter. The extension c is folded under the article by aplate 36, actuated once during each cycle by any of the usual operatingmechanisms. As the plate advances -(Fig. 10), the plunger 31 descends,plunger 32 remaining in its upper position a short time thereafter topermit the support of the package to be assumed by the plate.

Carried by the plate 36 is a pair of rear tucking plates 37, each platebeing made considerably narrower than the height of the package in orderto restrict its eifect to-the central part of the wrapper. The purposeof this proportioning of the size of the folder to that of the packagewill be explained below in considering the formation and sealing of theend folds. Opposed to the plates 37 are a pair of stationary rails ortuckers 38, of similar width, past which the article is carried in itstravel to the idle station B. From this point the partially wrappedarticle is picked up by pivoted pusher fingers 39 mounted for a forwardstraight line movement while in the angular position of Fig. 1, and tobe swung upwardly during its return stroke to clear the next succeedingarticle as described in the Fischer patent referred to, or as shown inthe Langhammer application These fingers preferably extend into groovesin the bed plate, as shown in Fig. 4, so as to extend their fold holdingfunction to the lower corner of the package. At the station C, where thearticle is deposited by the pusher 39, a sealing liquid is applied in amanner and by mechanism which will now be described.

Due to the narrowness of the folders 37 and 38 the outstanding top andbottom flaps c and f are not creased flat, as is usual, but remain withrounded and open ends as shown in Fig. 11. The flaps are somewhat, butnot greatly, flattened by passing respectively under and over plates 40and 41 (Fig. 12), each of which is mounted on a stud 42 (Fig. 4)slidable in a stationary bracket 43 and pressed into position by a light'spring 44. The top of the package is at this time being held by theusual spring pressed upper rail 45.

As the flaps e and f at each end of the package pass between the plates40 and 41, they straddle a sealing liquid applying device indicatedgenerically at 46 andshown in detail in Figs. 4, 5, 7, and 8. A link 47is pivoted to a stationary bracket 48 by pin 49 which is preferably madeeccentric (as shown in Fig. 4) to supply an adjusting means.Reciprocating vertically adjacent the link 47 is a cross head 50supported on rods 51 (Fig. 1) which are moved up and down once duringeach cycle by any suitable cam mechanism. At each end of the cross headis fixed a bearing 52 to which a second link 53 is pivoted. A hollowcasing 54 is pivoted both to the link 47 and to the link 53, functioningboth as a fluid reservoir 55 and as a support for a thin plate 56 whichforms the core of the sealing liquid applying device 48. Wicks 57 extendfrom the reservoir 55 through holes in the plate and around its top andbottom surfaces (Figs. 4, 7, and 8). The upper and lower wick surfacesare protected by guard plates 58 (Fig. 7) which leave exposed only theportion of the wick area which corresponds with the portion of the flapto be coated. This feature will be returned to later.

It will be seen that as the cross head 50 moves up or down from theintermediate position of Fig. 4, the projecting liquid dauber 46 will becaused to move towards the upper plate 40 and the lower plate 41respectively. The upper position is shown in Fig. 5. At the same timethat the dauber swings to one or the other of its extreme positions, itis desired that it reach into the corner between the flap and the end ofthe package to apply liquid at this point. For this purpose a bracket 60on the cross head is provided with a roll 61 extending into a groove 62in the relatively stationary link 47. The coaction of the roller and camcauses the dauber to reach well into the corners, as shown in Fig. 5,and yet to retract from the package end on its swing to the otherextreme position Suficiently to clear the center of the article and theplate 38. i'he springs 4 are preferably made quite light, so that nocreasing pressure will be given to the edges of the flaps e and f. Theflaps therefore open up again after they are released by the dauber,particularly when a resilient wrapping material such as moistureproofcellophane is used, permitting a method of treatment which will be dealtwith fully below in considering the process aspects of the mode ofwrapping followed.

A second pusher 63 now takes the package, with sealing liquid applied tothe inner surfaces of the flaps e and f, to a station D where the bottomflap f is folded against the article end and additional sealing liquidis applied to the inner surface of the top flap e. A cross head 64 (Fig.6) extends across the machine at this point, being carried on rods 65which are reciprocated vertically once during each cycle by any suitablecam mechanism. Attached to each end of the cross head is a bracket 66having a plate 67 secured to it as by a screw and slot connection so asto be free to slide vertically a limited amount. Springs 68 arestretched between the bottom of the plate 67 and a pin 69 on the bracketso that as shown in'Fig. 18 the plate will normally be held in its mostelevated position relative to the bracket, its upward movement beinglimited by contact of a stop 70 on the plate with a pad 71 on the table30. As the cross head rises, the plate will rise with it. The upperlimit of the plates travel is determined so that it extends past the endof the completely folded flap f (Figs. 19 and 20). Upon the descent ofthe cross head (Fig. 22), the plate will remain elevated until the crosshead has moved some little distance, and will then be moved down by thecontact of the cross head with a lower stop 72.

As best shown in Fig. 16, the plate 67 is tapered at 74 at its upperend, slanting from its forward edge downwardly towards its rear. Thisaccomplishes two things. In the first place, the plate does not descendfar enough to release the fold 1 completely, until the package inposition D is moved on between side plates 75 by the contact of asucceeding package with it. This succeeding package has, of course, itslower flap f extending from it, and this flap would strike the rear sideof the folding plate unless the plate were cutaway in the manner shown.A further advantage of this form of plate is that, as shown in Fig. 16,contact of the ascending plate with the flap j is made in a direction totighten up the overlap of the extended portions of flaps c and d andthus to resist the tendency to unwrap which occurs due to the springycharacter of the material.

The bracket 66 also carries a reservoir 76 from which projects a strip77. A wick, or series of wicks, 78 projects from the reservoir, extendsover the surface of the strip, and is secured to its lower side by aclip 79. This wick constitutes a second dauber 80 and serves to apply acoating of sealing liquid to the end portion of the inner surface offlap 6, pressing it against a plate 81 mounted and spring pressedsimilarly to plates 40 and 41. Suitable flexible tubes 82 and 83 extendrespectively from the reservoirs 55 and 76 to a suitable constant levelsource of liquid supply. Such a source is described in the Langhammerapplication Serial No 507,923, filed January 10, 1931, and need not bedealt with in detail here.

The article is pushed along between side plates 75 by the pressure ofsucceeding articles with the upper flaps e, now adhesive over theirentire surfaces, projecting over the plates as shown in Fig. 16. As alsoshown in that figure, the side rails 38 preferably extend through thestation at which the flaps f are folded, these flaps, although coatedwith solvent, being folded directly against the outer surface of therail as shown in Figs. 19, 20, and 22. With the use of a solvent ratherthan an adhesive and the employment of a wrapping material such asmoisture-proof cellophane, no harmful smearing of the rail will occur,due both to the small quantity of soluble material carried by thecellophane and to the fact that probably the major portion of the actionof the solvent occurs after the wrapped packages have been introducedinto the heaters.

between the heating plates 89 which also serve to fold the flaps eagainst the ends of the article. The heating plates are preferablymounted as shown in Figs. 2 and 3, so that they have a parallel motiontowards and from each other. For this purpose each plate is pivoted nearits top to a pair of spaced bell cranks 90, each journaled in astationary bracket 91. Similar bell cranks 92 are journaled lower downin the bracket so that they can be pivoted to the heating plate near itslower edge, the second arms of each pair of cranks being connected bylinks 93. Pins 94upon the lower edge of the opposed heating platesare'connected by springs 95 so that the plates are always drawn towardseach other with a yielding pressure. This construction is particularlyadvantageous in a case like the present where it is desired to subjectthe end folds to a-long heating of relatively low intensity, since theordinary ways of mounting the heaters will not give uniform pressureover the entire heater length. Heat may be supplied to the plates in'anysuitable way, as by the usual electric heating unit 96 controlled by athermostat 97. For adjusting the heaters laterally to accommodatedifferent sizes of packages, the brackets 91 may be coupled to thedelivery table 88 by screws 98 passing through slots 99.

The manner of wrapping the article with the apparatus described will nowbe considered.

The wrapper b is first folded in tubular form when two or more surfacesare brought together and held until the solvent has substantiallyevaporated, they will adhere firmly. The evaporation of the solvent canbe hastened by heat, it being preferred to use a degree of heat lowenough to avoid fusion of the coating material as high temperatures havebeen found deleterious to the qualities of the coating.

In the present case it is desired to form a double point fold withsquare ends. With a package of a width substantially greater than itsheight, the use of ordinary tuckers will produce folds of thischaracter. See for example the patent to Smith No. 1,731,946, October15, 1929. With an article of substantially square cross-section, such asthat illustrated in the present case, the use of folders which actagainst the entire height of the package to form the front and rear endtucks will cause the folds to be drawn to a point, as in the case of theupper flap e in the condition shown in Fig. 17. It

is for this reason that the tuckers 37 and 38.

are made narrow, each of them contacting only with a small area at thecenter of the height of the package. The sides of the tubular wrapperend extensions are not by this means made into true tucks against thearticle end, but are, as shown in Fig. 11, bent in so as to overlap eachother, leaving the upper and lower flaps free to extend outwardly ingenerally open form. As the flaps pass between the plates 40 and 41,they are somewhat flattened, but still preserve their square endedappearance due to the narrowness of the tuckers.

The initial application of sealing liquid is by the dauber 46, which hasa compound motion so that it passes well into the corners between theflaps and the end of the article. The pressure against the uncreasedflaps causes them to assume temporarily a pointed form, indicated by theflap e in Fig. 17. In that figure, the flap f is shown in the positionit occupies while supported by the plate 41, and the flap e is shown asflattened by the action of the dauber 46 adjacent the base of the flap.When the dauber moves away, the flap reassumes substantially its formerrounded condition. It will be seen from Fig. 17 that the outer surfaceof flap f is greater in area than that of the temporarily flattened flape for the reason that in the latter case some of the material of theflap has been drawn inwardly around the bend. When the flap is released,this material moves back so that it is again on the outside. The dauber46 is, therefore, preferably restricted in its effective area by theguard plates 58 so that the portion of the wrapper which belongs on theouter part of the flap and was brought transiently to the inner sidewill not be coated.

Due to the fact that the dauber 46 extends well against the base of theflap, the solvent will be spread thoroughly over the base of the flap,and when the latter is folded against the underlying folds a tight sealwill result at this point. A different condition, however, resultsnearer the end of the flap. The dauber 46 acts while the elements of theflap are closed up or drawn to a point, and when the flap again opens upthere will be an uncoated portion of generally triangular shape near itsend. This surface corresponds with the upper inside part of the tubularextending flap e shown in Fig. 23. With the lower flap 1 this conditionis not of so much importance, as this flap is folded first and iscovered by the flap e. The case is quite different with this latterflap. If the central area at the end is not coated, there will be anopen passage straight to the interior of the package which will destroythe desired moistureproof property of the wrapping.

The interior of the flap e is therefore given a 1 second coating ofsolvent with the dauber 80, which contacts with the flap onlycomparatively near its end. The absence of pressure between the dauberand the base of the flap prevents the folds being again drawn in to apoint. Fig. 21

coated thoroughly, and when the package is 1 forced between the heaterplates as in Fig. 25, the flap will once again be flattened out. Due

to its long contact with the heater plates, which are preferablymaintained at a temperature below that at which fusion of themoistureproofing coating occurs, the solvent will first softenthe-coating and will then evaporate, leaving adjacent layers of thecoating firmly secured together.

We claim:

1. A method of wrapping and sealing articles Which comprises folding thewrapper upon four sides of the article with a tubular extension of thewrapper projecting beyond the end of the article, tucking in oppositecentral portions of the wrapper leaving the portions of the tucksadjacent the upper and lower flaps unconfined and uncreased, folding oneof said flaps against the end of the article, folding the second flappart way towards the end of the article to expand the flap, applying asealing liquid to the interior of said second flap while so folded, andcompleting the folding of the second flap against the end of thearticle.

2. A method of wrapping and sealing articles which comprises folding thewrapper upon four sides of the article with a tubular extension of thewrapper projecting beyond the end of the article, tucking in oppositecentral portions of the wrapper leaving the portions of the tucksadjacent the upper and lower flaps unconfined and uncreased, folding oneof said flaps against the end of the article, exerting a non-creasingpressure upon the remaining flap adjacent its base to contract it andsimultaneously applying a sealing liquid to its inner surface, removingthe pressure, exerting pressure upon the fiap adjacent its end with theflap inclined towards the end of the article to flare the end andsimultaneously applying a sealing liquid to its inner surface, andcompleting the folding of the second flap against the end of thearticle.

3. A method of wrapping articles in moistureproof cellophane whichcomprises folding a sheet of cellophane around four sides of an articleleaving a tubular extension of the wrapper at each end of the article,tucking in the central portions of the sides of the extensions so as tooverlap them one upon the other leaving the portions of the tucksadjacent the upper and lower flaps unconfined and uncreased, applying asolvent to the inner surface of one of each pair of the end flaps andfolding said flaps against the ends of the article, exerting anoncreasing pressure upon the second flap of each pair adjacent its baseto contract it and simultaneously applying a solvent to its innersurface, removing the pressure and permitting the natural resiliency ofthe cellophane to open up the flaps, exerting pressure upon said fiapswith the flaps inclined towards the ends of the article to flare theflap ends and simultaneously applying a solvent to their inner surfaces,and completing the folding of said second flaps against the ends of thearticle.

4. A method of applying a scaling liquid to an uncreased wrapper flapwhich comprises flattening the flap in separate operations by pressureextending over different areas and applying sealing liquid to theinterior of the flap at each operation.

5. A method of applying a sealing liquid to an uncreased wrapper flapwhich comprises flattening the flap in separate operations by pressureextending in the first operation over an area adjacent its base and inthe second operation over an area adjacent its end, and applying asealing liquid to the interior of the flap at each operation.

6. A wrapping machine having means for forwarding an article having sidetucks and opposed uncreased wrapper flaps extending. from the endthereof, means for holding the central portions only of the side tucks,a dauber movable against one of the flaps adjacent its base, a seconddauber movable against the same flap adjacent its end after release ofthe flap by the first dauber, means for holding the flap in an inclinedposition during the operation of the second dauber, and means forfolding the dauber flap against the end of the package.

7. A wrapping machine comprising means for holding an article with anoutstanding flap, a plurality of separate daubers positioned to contactwith different areas of said flap, and means for causing successivecontact between the daubers and the flap.

8. A solvent applying device for wrapping machines which comprises asubstantially flat dauber having a thickness permitting it to extendbetween opposed flaps of a partially wrapped package and having a wickexposed upon opposite faces thereof whereby the dauber may contact withthe inner faces of the opposed wrapper flaps.

9. A solvent applying device for wrapping machines which comprises adouble-faced dauber having a normal position between opposed flaps of apartially wrapped article, and means for moving the dauber into contactalternately with the inner surfaces of the opposed flaps.

10. A solvent applying device for wrapping machines which comprises adouble-faced dauber pivoted for swinging movement and having a normalposition between opposed flaps of a partially wrapped article, and meansfor oscillating the dauber into contact alternately with the innersurfaces of the opposed flaps.

11. A solvent applying device for wrapping machines which comprises adouble-faced dauber having a normal position between opposed convergingflaps of a partially wrapped article, and mechanism for imparting to thedauber a compound movement whereby it oscillates into contactalternately with the inner surfaces of the opposed flaps and retractsfrom the article to clear it in its intermediate position.

12. A solvent applying device for wrapping machines comprising a frame,a support on the frame for holding a partially wrapped article withspaced outstanding flaps, a link pivoted to the frame, a second linkextending substantially parallel to the first link, a member pivoted tothe second ends of both links and carrying a solvent applying devicenormally extending into the space between the flaps, means forreciprocating the second link'to cause oscillation of the applyingdevice, and mechanism for oscillating the links during the reciprocatingmovement of the second link to carry the applying device into thecorners of the flap and to cause it to clear the end of the article inits intermediate position.

13. A solvent applying device for wrapping machines comprising asubstantially'flat plate, a wicking folded over the plate so as to beexposed on both sides thereof, a reservoir into which the wickingextends, and means for causing relative movement between the plate and awrapper flap in a direction substantially normal to the plate.

14. A solvent applying device for wrapping machines-comprising a plate,a wicking extending over the surface of the plate, a guard platerestricting the area. of the plate-supported wick which comes intocontact with the wrapper flap, and a reservoir into which the wickingextends.

15. A solvent applying device for wrapping machines comprising a plate,a wicking folded over the plate so as to be exposed on both sidesthereof, a pair of guard plates clamped around the plate so as torestrict the area of the platesupported wick which comes into contactwith the wrapper flap, and areservoir into which the wicking extends.

16. A wrapping machine having means for forwarding along a path anarticle having opposed outstanding flaps at its end, a dauber positionedalongside the path of the article and between the paths of theoutstanding flaps, and means for moving the dauber alternately intocontact with said flaps.

17. A wrapping machine having means for forwarding intermittently alonga path an article having opposed outstanding flaps at its end, a dauberpositioned alongside the path of the article at one of its rest stationsand between the paths of the outstanding flaps, and means for moving thedauber alternately into contact with said flaps while the article isstationary.

18. A machine for wrapping articles in a material having a solublecoating upon its surface comprising mechanism for forwarding along apath an article having a wrapper folded around it with a tubularextension at each end, means for forming rear tucks in each of saidWrapper extensions, a stationary tucker positioned to form the fronttuck in each extension and to hold both tucks throughout the folding ofone of the end flaps in each extension, means for applying a solvent tothe inner surfaces of said flaps, a folder turning one of each pair ofsolvent coated end flaps against the stationary tucker, a holding deviceto receive the article as it is forwarded beyond the stationary tuckerand to press the folded flap against the article end, means for foldingthe second pair of flaps, and

a heating device for causing the solvent to soften the coating on thewrapping material and thento evaporate leaving the overlapping folds inadhering relation.

19. In a wrapping machine of the type having devices for folding awrapper sheet completely around an article leaving tubular extensions ofthe wrapper beyond the ends of the article with the margins of thewrapper sheet overlapping in one side of the extensions, folding devicesfor forming tucks in the sides of the wrapper extensions adjacent thesides containing said overlapping margins, anda reciprocating folder forthe margin-containing flap having a flap-contacting face slanted withrespect to said flap in a direction to cause contact to result in thefirst instance with the side of that one of the flaps the margin ofwhich laps over the other.

20. A wrapping machine having mechanism for forwarding intermittently inabutting relation a series of articles each having its wrapper endextensions formed with opposed side tucks leaving spaced flaps betweenthem, reciprocating folders movable adjacent a position of rest of thearticles, and a pair of stationary side plates receiving between themthe article forwarded from said position of rest, the reciprocatingfolders being timed in their operation to recede from flap foldingposition during the advancing movement of the articles and having theirflap-contacting edges slanted off in the direction of the articlesapproaching them to avoid interference with the flap to be folded on thesucceeding article. g

21. A wrapping machine having means for folding a wrapper about foursides of an article having a tubular wrapper extension at its end,tucking devices engaging the center only of opposite sides of thewrapper extension without confining the portions of the tucks adjacentthe intermediate flaps, means for holding one of said intermediate flapsinclined towards the end of the article, means for applying a sealingliquid to the inner surface of said flap while it is so held, and meansfor folding said flap against the end of the article.

22. A wrapping machine having means for supporting an article withspaced wrapper flaps extending therefrom, means for holding said flapsinclined towards each other and the end of the article, and means forapplying a sealing liquid to the inner surface of at least one of saidflaps while so held.

23. A wrapping machine having heating members for opposite ends of thepackage comprising parallel heated plates, a parallel motion linkagesupporting the plates, and spring means constantly urging the platestowards each other.

24. A wrapping machine comprising means for wrapping an'article so as toproduce an outstanding flap having om one face shoulders formed byfolded portions thereof, a wick support, a solvent'carrying wick exposedupon the support, and means for pressing the flap and the wick togetherto force solvent from the wick into the space between the foldedportions of the 25. A solvent applying device for wrapping machineswhich comprises a substantially flat wick support of a thicknesspermitting it to extend between opposed flaps of a partially wrappedarticle, and a wick exposed upon opposite sides of the support inposition to contact with the inner faces of the opposed wrapper flaps.

26. A wrapping machine comprising means for forwarding along a path apartially wrapped article having spaced projecting flaps at one end, awick support located adjacent said path in position to be straddled bythe spaced flaps, a solvent bearing wick exposed upon opposite sides ofthe support, and periodically acting means to cause contact between thewicks and the inner faces of the spaced wrapper flaps.

' ELMER. L. SMITH. LABS G. KRUSELL.

